Direct answer
8–12% CoC is healthy in cash-flow markets; 4–7% is normal in appreciation markets. Below 4% requires a clear forced-equity or appreciation thesis.
Expanded explanation
Cash-on-cash measures the cash yield on cash invested — the most honest return metric for leveraged real estate. It excludes appreciation and principal paydown, which together can double total return. Target depends on strategy: cash-flow buyers want higher CoC; appreciation buyers accept lower CoC for higher long-term equity growth.
Examples
- $8k cash flow on $80k invested = 10% CoC.